Šírenie infrazvuku z veterných turbín na veľké vzdialenosti
10 až 20 kilometrov!!! (NÓRSKO)
Výsledky štúdie boli prezentované na 11. medzinárodnej konferencii o hluku veterných turbín, Kodaň, Dánsko – 10. až 13. júna 2025
Originál link na štúdiu: https://docs.wind-watch.org/WTN11-Crozier-infrasound.pdf
Nájdete ju aj na stránke Zapravdu.sk v sekcii DOKUMENTY pod názvom tohto článku
Originál link na článok: https://www-wind--watch-org.translate.goog/documents/wind-turbine-infrasound-propagation-over-long-distance/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=sk&_x_tr_hl=sk&_x_tr_pto=sc
Autor: Crozier, Steven
ZDROJ: Wind Watch Docs
Steven Crozier, MD, špecialista na rodinnú medicínu a starosta na dôchodku, lekár na ostrove Frøya a člen Výboru pre verejné zdravie v Motvind Norge, Sistranda, Trøndelag, Nórsko
11. medzinárodná konferencia o hluku veterných turbín, Kodaň, Dánsko – 10. až 13. júna 2025
Odborná rešerš: Infrazvuk, vzdialenosti a symptómy zo štúdie Crozier (WTN11, 2025)
Základné údaje o meraniach
· Oba domy sa nachádzajú v blízkosti veľkých veterných fariem (WTF – Wind Turbine Farms) a boli merané akustické signály vrátane nízkofrekvenčného zvuku a infrazvuku.
Vzdialenosti od veterných fariem
Záver o vzdialenostiach:
Infrazvukové signály s merateľnými nízkofrekvenčnými harmonickými vzormi sa v domoch objavovali aj pri vzdialenosti 10–20 km od veterných fariem.
Symptómy a zdravotné ťažkosti podľa zotavených prípadov
Autori popisujú dve konkrétne súvislosti medzi pobytom v domoch ~10 km od veterných turbín a zdravotnými symptómami:
1. Poruchy spánku a znížená pohoda (10 km od Hitra WTF)
Problémové podmienky:
o osoba často musela opustiť svoj dom, aby si oddýchla. Opis symptómov:
· psychická a fyzická únava kvôli stresu z neustáleho hluku.
2. Kardiovaskulárne komplikácie (9–10 km od Hitra WTF)
Problémové podmienky:
o ústup symptómov po opustení domu (srdcové ťažkosti slabli do jedného dňa po odchode z bydliska). Implicitné spojenie:
· Autor výslovne neupravuje priame príčinné tvrdenie, ale dokumentuje časovú súvislosť a zmenu symptómov podľa pobytu v blízkosti veterného parku.
Dôkazy o prechode infrasoundu do interiéru a úrovne signálu
o Frøya domu: až 111 dB vonku a 99 dB v spálni. ➡️ Vyššie hladiny v spálni poukazujú na to, že signál prenikol do vnútorného priestoru bez významného útlmu — čo je kritické pri hodnotení dlhodobého denného alebo nočného vystavenia.
o
Ďalší zistený zdravotný výskum (2 km od turbín)
Nezávislá miestna zdravotná anketa medzi obyvateľmi do 2 km od veterných elektrární Tysvær vykázala v roku 2023 vyšší výskyt nasledujúcich symptómov oproti referenčnej komunite:
|
Symptóm |
Tysvær (%) |
Referencia (%) |
|
Poruchy spánku |
89 |
51 |
|
Bolesti svalov |
70 |
53 |
|
Závraty |
55 |
39 |
|
Bolesť hlavy / migréna |
41 |
21 |
Takmer 47 % respondentov nahlásilo, že ich ruší počuteľný hluk veterných zariadení.
Zhrnutie relevantných dát pre verejnosť
Vzdialenosti a symptómy
o výrazne vyšší výskyt porúch spánku, bolesti a migrény v porovnaní s kontrolnou populáciou.
Interpretácia pre verejnosť
Tu je originál štúdie bez obrázkov a grafov. V originále ju nájdete v sekcii DOKUMENTY
11th Edition of the
Copenhagen, Denmark – 10th to 13th June 2025
Infrasound with large peak to trough blade pass harmonics in two
houses between three large wind turbine farms - WTFs on the
northwest coast of Norway and two single health cases and a health
survey near the WTF in Tysvær, Norway
Steven Crozier, MD, Specialist in Family Medicine and retired Municipal Chief
Medical Officer on the island of Frøya
Member of the Public Health Committee in Motvind Norge
Sistranda, Trøndelag, 7260, Norway stevenfroya@gmail.com
Summary
The handling of sound pollution was to be transferred from the county governors in Norway to the
municipalities in 2020. As chief medical officer on the small island of Frøya, pop. 5.500, that was to
become my responsibility. The decision was made in late 2018 to complete the planned WTF with 14
Vestas V136 turbines on Frøya. This brought on many local protests, one being the claim that infrasound
from WTFs cause health problems. This seemed somewhat absurd to me, how could any low frequency,
non-audible air pressure waves cause havoc on humans and animals?
I decided to look into the available information on any health issues around WTFs. A steep learning curve
ensued and resulted in the procurement of the Atkinson & Rapley SAM Scribe II [1] equipment for making
null point recordings in homes near the planned WTF on Frøya, before it came into commission in 2021.
In late 2019 I was contacted by concerned citizens on the neighbouring island of Hitra, where Norway’s
first full scale WTF Hitra 1 with 24 Siemens SWT 2.3 CS turbines with 5.800m² sweep areas had been in
commission since 2004. [2] It wasn’t until the Hitra 2 WTF, with 26 Vestas V117 turbines with twice the
sweep area 10.745m², started their production in the autumn of 2019 that health issues arose. [3]
Simultaneous 2 channel sound recordings were made in the bedrooms and outside of two houses on Hitra
in December 2019 and in February 2021. Both houses are located ten kilometres to the northwest and to
the north, northwest of Hitra 1&2 WTFs.
Sound measurements and the health issues of the residents are presented.
Norway’s second health survey of residents near Tysvær WTF performed in 2023 is touched.
Public health’s approach to infrasound from WTFs, a coda on infrasound effects in human and animal
physiology at a cellular level and a short discussion on infrasound monitoring and setting limits in homes.
Page | 2
1. Introduction
Proceedings from the Conference on Low Frequency Noise and Hearing, Aalborg, Denmark, May 7-9,
1980: “The first international colloquium concerned only with infrasound was held in Paris 1973. At this
colloquium several effects of infrasound on human beings were presented and reviewed. An effort was also
made to suggest some very preliminary criteria for infrasonic exposure. In the following years a number
of new results were published, and several of them indicated that the limits for acceptable infrasonic
exposure should be lowered considerably, if psychological effects were to be taken into account. Several
countries have started more systematically to investigate infrasonic sources and to registrate complaints
from people being disturbed by infrasound.” [4]
Dr. Neil Kelley’s work from 1982: “A Methodology for Assessment of Wind Turbine Noise Generation”
[5] and the 1987 presentation: “A Proposed Metric for Assessing the Potential of Community Annoyance
from Wind Turbine Low-Frequency Noise Emissions” [6] set me on a quest to find out more.
The Danish Environmental Protection Agency - DEPA proposed limits on infrasound emissions from
WTFs into residential homes in 2011.
Vestas, a large wind turbine company and economic provider in Denmark, had made it very clear that the
distances required to comply with the set limits would seriously compromise their business model both
nationally and internationally. DEPA reneged on their proposed infrasound limits. [7]
2. Recordings
The recordings on Hitra were supplemented with recordings four hours later in a house on the neighbouring
island of Frøya for comparison. The Frøya house is located sixteen kilometres from the Hitra house and
twenty kilometres from Hitra1&2 WTFs. The outdoor microphone for channel wav-1 was placed two
metres above the ground and two metres from the house facing Hitra 1&2. The indoor microphone for
channel wav-2 was placed 15 centimetres above the pillow in the bedroom, also facing Hitra 1&2.
Calibration tone 1 kHz, 94 dB.Ten minutes recordings with 16bit resolution and 11.025 kHz sampling rate.
The sound files are 25 MB and are time, date and GPS location tamper-proof embedded. Weather
conditions: Cloud overcast 7/8 with no precipitation. Wind 6-7 m/s with gusts up to 10m/s from E-N-E 60°
Temperature between 0° and +1°C with temperature inversion over a large body of water. Air pressure
1003 hPa and humidity 99 percent. The meteorological conditions were similar at the Hitra and Frøya
houses 16 kilometres and 4 hours apart. Analysis Signal Lab e.K Sigview 7.1 program. [8]
Figure 1 Hitra outdoor X axis 0.17-22 Hz, Y axis 0-596 seconds, Z axis dB lin. 1340-1350 UTC
Page | 3
Figure 2 Hitra bedroom X axis 0.17-22 Hz, Y axis 0-596 seconds, Z axis dB lin. 1340-1350 UTC
Figure 3 Hitra outdoor X axis 0.17-22Hz, Y axis dB lin. 1340-1350 UTC
Figure 4 Hitra bedroom X axis 0.17-22Hz, Y axis dB lin. 1340-1350 UTC
Page | 4
Figures 5,6,7 and 8 show the corresponding recordings in the house on Frøya
Figure 5 Frøya outdoor X axis 0.17-22 Hz, Y axis 0-596 seconds, Z axis dB lin. 1740-1750 UTC
Figure 6 Frøya bedroom X axis 0.17-22 Hz, Y axis 0-596 seconds, Z axis dB lin. 1740-1750 UTC
Figure 7 Frøya outdoor X axis 0.17-22Hz, Y axis dB lin. 1740-1750 UTC
Page | 5
Figure 8 Frøya bedroom X axis 0.17-22Hz, Y axis dB lin. 1740-1750 UTC
Table 1 Outdoor peak to trough values
Outdoor 3 Hz 6 Hz 9 Hz 12 Hz 15 Hz 18 Hz 21 Hz
Hitra 12 dB 14 dB 9 dB 6 dB 11 dB 9 dB 7 dB
Frøya 11 dB 6 dB 10 dB 7 dB 9 dB 9 dB 9 dB
Table 2 Bedroom peak to trough values
Bedroom 3 Hz 6 Hz 9 Hz 12 Hz 15 Hz 18 Hz 21 Hz
Hitra 18 dB 29 dB 23 dB 21 dB 8 dB 19 dB 16 dB
Frøya 20 dB 28 dB 19 dB 25 dB 28 dB 7 dB 20 dB
The indoor harmonic patterns displayed in the spectrum and in the graphs show similar patterns in the Hitra
house and Frøya house for comparison.
Figure 9 Fosen area in Trøndelag, Norway
Hitra 1&2 with 24 SWT2.3 and 26 V117 to the bottom left and Storheia and Roan with 80 and 71 Vestas
V117 turbines respectively. Frøya with 14 Vestas V136 started production autumn 2021. The house with
the 2021 recordings is not marked on the map. It is located ten kilometres north, northwest of the Hitra
1&2 WTFs
Page | 6
3. Discussion
The Hitra 1&2 wind turbines located ten kilometres away from the Hitra house were the prime suspected
cause for the newly arisen noise and sleep disturbances starting in the autumn of 2019 after Hitra 2 came
into commission. However, it is likely that the Roan and Storheia WTFs also contribute to the infrasound
signature as they consist of 151 of the same Vestas V117 turbines and the wind coming from the eastnortheast.
The upper levels recorded in the Hitra house were 116 dB outdoors and 109 dB in the bedroom. The Frøya
house had 111dB outdoor and 99 dB indoor upper levels.
The twenty kilometres distance from Hitra 1&2 to the Frøya house explain an attenuation, yet it is not
calculated how much the meteorological conditions contributed that day.
Note that the Frøya house has a ten kilometres closer proximity to the Storheia and Roan WTFs which are
seventy and ninety kilometres away, versus eighty and hundred kilometres for the Hitra house.
Comparing data from the two houses, the wind turbines 70/90 and 80/100 kilometres away are likely
contributors to the sound pattern. The temperature inversion over the large body of water between Hitra
and Frøya and the Fosen region of Trøndelag and the downwind that day facilitate the transmission of
infrasound over these long distances.
Further recordings and analysis are required to determine how much the Roan and Storheia WTFs
contribute to the infrasound and blade pass harmonics on Hitra and Frøya. Without any connection to the
topic of infrasound propagation, these are the same WTFs that the Norwegian Supreme Court ruled against
in October 2021 for breaching the Sápmi’s human rights by limiting their reindeer herding possibilities.
[9]
4. Two cases concerning newly arisen health issues in persons living ten kilometres
from the Hitra 1&2 WTFs
A person with a serious sleep disturbance
In December 2019 a person contacted me for help to map newly arisen noise in their house. The
spectrograms and graphs in figures 1,2,3 and 4 are from this person’s house.
They had lived ten kilometres from the Hitra 1 WTF for nine years without any health issues and were
favourable to wind power generation.
After Hitra 2 WTF, also ten kilometres away started production, the rooms in their house started to rumble
and boom when the windspeed rose above 5 m/s and came from certain directions.
Occupancy had become a burden and more time was spent out of the house. They would go out and about
at night looking for the source of the noise, without any success. Sleep had become seriously affected and
they often had to abandon the house to get sufficient rest.
A person with recurring atrial fibrillation
In 2021 a person in their late fifties also living ten kilometres from the Hitra 1&2 WTFs developed atrial
fibrillation and received DC conversion five times due to relapses within a week after returning to the
house. After an ablation, a procedure to break up or insulate the electrical signals in the heart that cause
irregular heartbeats, the atrial fibrillation can still recur when in the house, yet abates within a day after
vacating the house, see graphs in figures 10 and 11.
Page | 7
Figure 10 Hitra outdoor X axis 0.17-22Hz, Y axis dB 1910-1920 UTC Feb. 1st 2021
Figure 11 Hitra bedroom X axis 0.17-22Hz, Y axis dB 1910-1920 UTC Feb. 1st 2021
The sound mapping in both houses with affected persons shows a similar pattern in the spectrograms and
graphs with large bedroom peak to trough levels in the blade pass harmonics. The person with heart
arrythmia had substantially higher levels of infrasound in their bedroom than outdoors, see figure 11.
The two persons describe themselves as highly sensitive - HSP. Approximately one out of five people are
HSP.
It is notable that health issues started when turbines with larger blades that produce a higher level of
infrasound were added to the WTFs. These two health cases prove nothing about any cause and effect from
rhythmic infrasound emissions generated by wind turbines.
However, they give reason for further health studies of residents living within ten kilometres from wind
turbine factories.
5. Health Survey amongst residents within two kilometres from Tysvær WTF
A health survey was commissioned by the Tysvær municipality in 2023 after having received a number of
health complaints after the Tysvær WTF started production in 2021. This is the second health survey of
residents living near a WTF in Norway. [10]
Page | 8
Table 3 Health issues reported in the Tysvær health survey
Numbers in percent Norway n=1000
Reference
community n=200 Tysvær n=140
Total percentage
over the reference
community
Sleep disturbances 63 51 89 37
Muscle pain 56 53 70 17
Dizziness 33 39 55 16
Headache- migraine 24 21 41 20
Forty-seven percent of the 140 responders in the survey were severely annoyed by the audible noise from
the WTF. Sixty-three percent were non-favourable to the WTF as opposed to seventeen percent in favour
of them.
One notable feature is the high incidence of migraine in Tysvær, almost double of the national and
reference community.
The low rate of participants in the health survey, fifty-three percent of the 262 persons living within a two
kilometres radius of the WTF, could have given higher relative numbers of health complaints. Assuming
that persons without any health issues were less inclined to participate in the survey.
6. Infrasound from WTFs
Often the wind power industry, and even the Ministry of Energy in 2021, refer to a 2020 study: “Infrasound
Does Not Explain Symptoms Related to Wind Turbines” [11]
In the study twenty neighbours to a WTF with noise complaints were invited to a ten minutes long listening
test of a years recorded and compiled sound taken 2.5 kilometres from the WTF. When they could not
discern the sound, nor had a rise in blood pressure or pulse, the conclusion was that WTFs are not the cause
of any health problems for residents living near WTFs. The problems could be in their heads and selfinflicted.
The sound levels in the study are way below the 95dB or higher levels of infrasound people living near
WTFs are exposed twenty-four-seven whenever the wind blows.
You can compare the design of the study to one that shows that smoking is not detrimental to your health
by letting twenty non-smokers smoke two cigarettes in ten minutes and them not getting sick.
7. Public health’s dealing with health issues presumed to be caused by living near
a WTF
Conflict of interests: None, other than a fine for civil disobedience in September 2020 which was upheld
in a lower court ruling February 2021.
The disobedience was to set focus on the lack of following the precautionary principle, prescribed in the
Norwegian Public Health Act of 2011, in the concession given for the wind turbine factory on Frøya in
2016. [12]
I am aware of how both physical and psychological bias influence research and analysis. I have tried to
approach and discuss my findings with an open mind.
However, I do have strong opinions on how health issues from affected neighbours near WTFs are met by
the Norwegian Institute of Public Health - NIPH.
Page | 9
We had a meeting with them in January 2020 presenting recordings with high levels of infrasound in a
house five hundred metres from a WTF in Egersund, Norway. The parents were having adverse health
reactions, very likely attributable to the WTF.
We appealed for health surveys and monitoring of persons living near WTFs, yet were brushed off citing
lack of funds. Likewise, an appeal for legislation to make the industry prove the safety of their products,
ever larger wind turbines that produce ever higher levels of infrasound, was dismissed.
The NIPH website updated in May 2022 states: “Although neither infrasound nor low-frequency sound
are specific to wind turbines, there has been particular concern about the health consequences of
infrasound from wind turbines” [13]
Infrasound from WTFs is specific with signatures comprised of blade pass harmonics with high peak to
trough levels, as opposed to randomly generated broad band infrasound from traffic and in nature.
The 2 channel recordings show how resonance and perchance interference increase the infrasound’s peak
to trough levels in the house
The health survey from Tysvær is not mentioned in NIPH’s chapter on WTFs and health. However, the
one other health survey from Lista in 2015 is noted. 2/3 of the residents living within 1 kilometre from the
WTF in Lista experience strong noise annoyance.
8. Infrasound effects in human and animal physiology at a cellular level
Recent knowledge of how infrasound affects cell physiology is presented by Ursula Maria Bellut-Staeck
in the 2023 study: “Impairment of the Endothelium and Disorder of Microcirculation in Humans and
Animals Exposed to Infrasound due to Irregular Mechano-Transduction.” [14]
Her study adds to the work of Vladimir Stepanov et al from 2003. They presented increasingly lower
recommended Maximum Pressure Limits- MPLs in the workplace and residences from 1973 and on to
2000. [15]
Figure 12 - MPLs dynamics for Low Frequency Acoustic Oscillations and infrasound in 1973-2000
Page | 10
1- MPLs recommended by D.Johnson and C.Nixon (1973)
2- MPLs recommended by Paris International colloquium (CNRS) (1973)
3- MPLs recommended by Institute of Biophysics (1979)
4- MPLs recommended by Research Institute of Labour Hygiene and Occupational Diseases of the
USSR Academy of Medical Sciences et al (1980)
5- Modern MPLs recommended by Labour Medicine Research Institute of Russian Academy of
Medical Sciences et al (1996) jobs of different intensity inside industrial premises and at the
industrial territory
6- Intellectual and emotional jobs
7- Populated areas
8- Living and public premises
An assumption could be proposed that the large peak to trough levels in blade pass harmonics generate
more hysteresis in cells and organs than a constant high level of infrasound with lower peak to trough
levels and thereby have a greater disruptive effect at the cellular level.
The descriptions in: “Examples of hysteresis phenomena in biology” [16] may explain how myocardial
cells are affected by rhythmic infrasound with pronounced harmonics causing atrial fibrosis and
arrythmias.
The study from 2021: “Infrasound exposure promotes development of atrial fibrosis in rats” discusses this
issue. [17]
9. Conclusions
Working on a small island community as a General Practitioner since 1985 and as Municipal Chief Medical
Officer on a rotational basis, sharing the position with my wife Eli, gave me the challenge of having to
deal with noise pollution from 2020. As I delved into the literature on infrasound from WTFs,
I came across an abundance of studies with no clear conclusions on health impacts.
Proprietors of WTFs do not have to conduct any post erection measurements of the 45 dBA Lden adopted
and calculated standard, nor record any infrasound inside nearby houses.
Any measured results are not divulged due to proprietary and competitive issues amongst the industry.
Were they to be shared the results would most likely not be dealt with, as there are no set limits for
infrasound in Norway and fellow Municipal Chief Medical Officers most often have limited knowledge of
sound pollution.
The wind power industry has not yet been forced to prove that their products, which are ever larger turbines
which generate ever higher levels of infrasound, are not harmful to humans and animals.
Where the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, that issues concessions, lacks in public
health expertise, they have to rely on the NIPH’s lacklustre approach to the issue, and the wind turbine
industry gets to maintain the calculated 45 dBA Lden limit.
Without having to deal with infrasound pollution from their products.
Suppose the same lack of certification standards were applied to the licencing of automobiles or with the
introduction of new pharmaceuticals?
How come some countries after the Paris 1973 infrasound colloquium adopted ever stringent band specific
limits for permitted infrasound in the workplace and in homes, whereas other countries have chosen to not
set any limits for infrasound or vibrations?
Page | 11
As it seems that highly sensitive persons are the first to report health issues from living in the vicinity of a
WTF, is the eighty percent normo-sensitive population not directly affected by WTFs reason enough to
not pursue the issue of suspected health problems related to WTFs?
Were up to twenty percent of the population stricken by a suspected agent, one would certainly push to
elucidate the matter.
“The wind industry is relatively new in Norway. The likelihood that there may be errors or shortcomings
in both the guidelines and regulations is therefore present, something that Norwegian health authorities
should take into account. If more wind industry is to be developed, thorough studies should be carried out
by independent actors before licenses are awarded. Furthermore, it should be ensured that the people
working on the study have the necessary professional expertise in subjects such as acoustics,
environmental hygiene, occupational hygiene, public health and occupational medicine. Negative health
effects should be assessed both in isolation and collectively, for the best possible overview.” [18]
The Public Health Committee in Motvind Norge has had meetings with The Norwegian Water Resources
and Energy Directorate, The Norwegian Environment Agency and The Norwegian Directorate of Health
to discuss guidelines for evaluating the sum effects of audible and uneven amplitude modulated noise,
infrasound, high-intensity flashes of light at night, shadows cast by -and the sight of moving turbine blades,
Bisphenol-A and PFAS spread in nature and drinking water, grief of nature loss and property value loss.
They all give kudos to the group’s efforts and agree that these are issues that need to be addressed.
Yet, they admit that they do not have the competence to make any sound evaluations or recommendations,
AKA passing the buck. The Norwegian Institute of Public Health does not respond.
Are we up against a similar problem as those that were encountered when dealing with the exposure to
asbestos particles and tobacco smoke? Knowledge of the hazards to their exposure was allowed to fester
for decades before regulations were signed into law.
Could proceeds from the wind turbine industry be a step to take for the regulatory bodies to fund
independent research and set guidelines?
Until then my advice for guarding the public health is to invoke the precautionary principle and mandate
infrasound measurements in homes near WTFs, set limits on infrasound in residences as DEPA intended
back in 2011 and impose a moratorium on erecting any WTF closer than ten kilometres to residential areas.
Acknowledgements
Being an avid high-fidelity buff chasing the holy grail of perfect sound recording, I bought a pair of Bruel
& Kjær 4004 studio microphones back in 1988 to record performances of the choir Havdur, which Eli has
been singing with since then. This has offset any looming annoyance for the time I have spent on
performing infrasound recordings in and out of houses around Norway pro bono.
Kind thoughts for my parents who encouraged my curiosity since early childhood. This is a trait our
children also seem to share, and since we’re not cats, the going has been pretty good - so far.
Championing peace cuts it down to the maxim: “Justice for troubled wind farm neighbours won't happen
until those who aren't affected become as outraged as those who are”.
Page | 12
References
1) H.H.C. Bakker, B.Rapley, R.Summers, M.Alves-Pereira and P.Dickinson "An Affordable Recording
Instrument for the Acoustical Characterisation of Human Environments" 2017
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317702715_An_Affordable_Recording_Instrum
ent_for_the_Acoustical_Characterisation_of_Human_Environments
2) NVE- Hitra vindkraftverk 2004
https://www.nve.no/konsesjon/konsesjonssaker/konsesjonssak/?id=10&type=A-6
3) NVE-Hitra-2-vindkraftverk
https://www.nve.no/konsesjon/konsesjonssaker/konsesjonssak/?type=A-6&id=34
4) H.Møller, P.Rubak, "Proceedings of Conference on Low Frequency Noise and Hearing", Aalborg, Denmark,
1980"
https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/227874366/1980_M_ller_and_Rubak_Proceedings
_LF_conference.pdf
5) N. Kelley, "A Methodology for Assessment of Wind Turbine Noise Generation" 1982
https://docs.wind-watch.org/kelley_ASME_1982.pdf
6) N.Kelley, "A Proposed Metric for Assessing Potential of Community Annoyance from Wind Turbine Low
Frequency Noise Emissions" 1987 https://docs.wind-watch.org/Kelley_Proposed-metric-assessingpotential-annoyance-wind-turbine-LF.pdf
7) D. Engel, "Letter from Vestas CEO to the Danish Environmental Protection Agency - DEPA" June
29th 2011 https://stopthesethings.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/engel-ditlev-vestas-letter-todanish-environment-minister-in-english.pdf
8) SIGVIEW is a powerful signal analysis software package that supports both real-time and offline processing.
https://www.sigview.com/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiA2oWBhC2ARIsADSIAWrZ2ToFvfw87IF9QAwIYRsPbD9PdwUD5gugGYkURkZKY_oKpUNXglYaAvpV
EALw_wcB
9) Norwegian Human Rights Institution: "About the wind farms on Fosen and the Supreme Court judgment "
https://www.nhri.no/en/2023/about-the-wind-farms-on-fosen-and-the-supreme-court-judgment/
10) Opinion AS "Health Survey among residents near Tysvær wind turbine factory" 2023
https://www.tysver.kommune.no/_f/p1/i9820ceda-3d74-4805-a06ba76b09bd8b4a/rapport_helsekartlegging-blant-beboere-nar-tysvar-vindpark_20122023.pdf
11) P. Maijala, A.Turunen, I.Kurki et al. "Infrasound Does Not Explain Symptoms Related to Wind Turbines"
- VTT 2020 https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/162329
12) C.Fjeldavli "The enemy of the people on Frøya" - Bergensia from Harvest Magazine March 2021
https://bergensia.com/the-enemy-of-the-people-on-froya/
13) Norwegian Institute of Public Health "Low-frequency sound, infrasound and health" May 2022
https://www.fhi.no/kl/stoy/stoy--fra-vindturbiner-helseskadelig/#lavfrekvent-lyd-og-infralyd-og-helse
14) U.M. Bellut-Staeck "Impairment of the Endothelium and Disorder of Microcirculation in Humans and
Animals Exposed to Infrasound due to Irregular Mechano-Transduction" 2023
Page | 13
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371517232_Impairment_of_the_Endothelium_and_Disorder_of_
Microcirculation_in_Humans_and_Animals_Exposed_to_Infrasound_due_to_Irregular_MechanoTransduction
15) V. Stepanov et al. "Biological Effects of Low Frequency Acoustic Oscillations and their Hygienic
Regulation" 2003
https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA423963.pdf
16) H.R.Noori, "Examples of hysteresis phenomena in biology - 2014
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319991355_Examples_of_hysteresis_phenomena_in_biology
17) A.Lousinha, M.J.R. Oliveira, G.Borrecho et al."Infrasound exposure promotes development of atrial fibrosis
in rats" - Annals of Medicine Sept. 28th 2021
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8480765/
18) S.Crozier, C.Fjeldavli, "Turbinstøy og folkehelse" - Harvest Magazine May 2021
https://www.harvestmagazine.no/artikkel/turbinstoy-og-folkehelse